艺术人生

What are the rules of war? And how do they apply to Israel's actions in Gaza?_我的网站

A |     부정수급 땐 사용금지 등 조치 재정지원 공정성 높이기 강화앞으로 교통비 환급 서비스인 ‘모두의카드’ 이용 시 부정수급을 3차례 하면 1년간 이용할 수 없게 된다. 조직적이고 반복적으로 부정수급하다 걸리면 최대 3년까지 사용이 금지된다. 국토교통부 대도시권광역교통위원회는 26일 모두의카드 부정수급을 예방하고 재정지원의 공정성을 높이기 위해 이 같은 내용으로 서비스 이용 약관을 개정한다고 밝혔다.

서울시내 한 지하철역에서 시민들이 개찰구를 나서고 있다. 뉴시스

개정 약관에 따르면 타인 명의도용, 카드?계정 양도?대여, 수급 자격 정보 허위 등록, 해킹 등을 부정수급으로 규정한다. 부정수급 적발 횟수에 따라 1차는 1개월, 2차는 3개월간 서비스 이용을 정지할 방침이다. 3차 적발 시 회원자격을 박탈하고 1년간 재가입을 제한한다. 조직적이고 반복적인 부정수급이 발견되면 재가입을 최대 3년까지 제한할 수 있다. 부정수급 회원에게 이미 지급된 환급금은 반환하거나 이후 환급금에서 차감할 예정이다. 사안에 따라 관계 법령에 따른 환수나 수사기관 고발 등 필요 조치를 할 수 있다. 다만 부정수급 여부를 결정하기 전 이용자에게 관련 내용을 알리고 14일간 소명 기회를 부여한다. 이용정지와 환급금 반환 등 조치에 대해 통지를 받은 날부터 30일 이내 이의신청할 수 있게 했다. 개정 내용은 27일부터 앱(APP)과 누리집 등에 한 달간 고지하며, 다음 달 28일부터 시행할 예정이다. 김용석 대광위 위원장은 “부정수급은 엄정하게 관리하되 정상적으로 이용하는 국민의 권익은 세심하게 보호할 것”이라며 “이번 약관 개정으로 누구나 신뢰할 수 있는 공정한 대중 교통비 지원 제도로 운영하겠다”고 말했다.。

B |     Six days after a brutal attack by armed Hamas militants on Israeli civilians, Israel ordered an evacuation of more than 1 million Palestinians in northern Gaza ahead of what could be an unprecedented ground offensive there against Hamas."We are going to destroy Hamas infrastructures, Hamas headquarters, Hamas military," vowed Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant as airstrikes were underway.The U.S. and other nations have repeatedly warned Israel to follow the "rules of war."But what are they? And will they prevent civilians from being hurt?Here's what to know about international humanitarian laws and how they might apply in the Israeli-Hamas conflict in Gaza.

Is Israel bound by the rules of war?

Yes.Israel has promised to abide by international humanitarian law including those under the Geneva Convention that seeks to minimize the impact on civilians, provide aid to the wounded on the battlefield, and not to mistreat prisoners of war.In general, the U.S. military and Israeli Defense Force also rely on similar rules of engagement in military operations.Israel insists it follows the rules of war and always has.But there is disagreement by international groups about exactly what qualifies as a violation in a country's quest to defend itself against terror attacks, as well as whether Israel could be prosecuted through the International Criminal Court -- an entity Israel doesn't recognize.Officials at the United Nations and European Union have accused Israel of already violating its promise not to harm civilians by cutting water and electricity to all of Gaza residents, including to hospitals. They also say it's impossible to ensure the safety of so many civilians by giving only 24 hours to evacuate to avoid the fighting.Palestinian health authorities estimate 1,799 civilians have been killed in Israeli airstrikes, including 583 children, following Hamas' attacks that have killed at least 1,300 Israelis.Ravina Shamdasani, spokesperson for the Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human rights, said Hamas' brutality doesn't "liberate" Israel from adhering to international humanitarian laws."It is absolutely crucial that Israeli leaders and global leaders make it unambiguously clear that international humanitarian law is an obligation. It is not optional, and that military operations must be conducted in full compliance with international law," she said.President Joe Biden said he delivered that message directly to Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu this week, later telling reporters "that it is really important that Israel, with all the anger and frustration … they operate by the rules of war.""And there are rules of war," Biden added.

How would the rules apply in this conflict? Would civilians be spared?

Avoiding harm to civilians though can fall into a gray area, particularly when it comes to a massive ground operation unfolding on a remarkably narrow strip of land. Gaza is among the most populated areas on Earth, roughly 7.5 miles at its widest and 25 miles long with some 2 million inhabitants.Eric Oehlerich, a retired Navy SEAL and ABC News contributor, said that even with sophisticated weaponry, such an operation would be extraordinarily difficult to carry out with no civilians harmed."There isn't a force in the world that can deal with 40,000 (enemy) soldiers interspersed with civilians in that densely populated area" and have "zero" civilian deaths, said Oehlerich."It's impossible," he added.One question will be what constitutes a valid military target, said Mick Mulroy, a former deputy assistant secretary of defense for the Middle East and retired CIA paramilitary operations officer.Israel says that Hamas -- which doesn't abide by humanitarian laws in its deliberate attack on civilians last week -- uses Palestinian civilians and hospitals as shields."If Hamas holds up in a building -- whether it's a hospital or mosque -- it becomes a valid military target," said Mulroy, also an ABC contributor. "That said, every reasonable step should be taken to eliminate or reduce civilian casualties (and) has to be done."

What does all this mean for hostages held by Hamas and US citizens inside Gaza?

Oehlerich, who has participated in military operations to free hostages, said getting those hostages out using military force will also be extraordinarily tough. That's because Hamas will likely have gone to great lengths to hide the hostages, including possibly rigging secret tunnels or even the hostages themselves with explosives.Oehlerich said success is more likely to come through backchannel negotiations with countries like Egypt and Qatar.Israeli officials say its special operations forces have been operating inside Gaza in past days trying to locate hostages. The US is also working the Red Cross and the UN to establish "safe zones" for foreign nationals to leave, including Americans located within Palestine, according to a senior State Department official.Beyond that, questions remain on how many innocent people will be hurt or killed inside Gaza. When asked by a reporter Friday what worries him most about the Israeli ground invasion, Biden had a one-word answer."Death," he said.ABC News' Shannon Crawford, William Gretsky and Mary Bruce contributed to this report.。

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